Elzu's micro notes

  Biodiversity hotspots in India Biodiversity is referred to as the variation of plant and animal species in a particular habitat. Species evenness and species richness form the major components of biodiversity. India is known for its rich biodiversity and has around 24.46% of the geographical area covered by forests and trees. The term “Biodiversity hotspots” was coined by  Norman Myers . It can be defined as the regions which are known for their high species richness and endemism. According to International Conservation , a region must fulfill the following two criteria to qualify as a hotspot: The region should have at least 1500 species of vascular plants i.e., it should have a high degree of endemism. It must contain 30% (or less) of its original habitat, i.e. it must be threatened. Following the criteria must for an area to be declared as Biodiversity Hotspot, there are major four out of 36 biodiversity hotspots of the world located in India  biodiversity

  LYMPHOCYTE TRAFFIC The lymphatic and circulatory systems are intimately related, and there is a constant movement of lymphocytes throughout the body, moving from one system to another. Different subsets of lymphocytes migrate differentially into different tissues. This process is called trafficking, or homing . Afferent lymphatic vessels mediate the transport of antigen and leukocytes from interstitial spaces drain into lymph nodes, which “filter” these fluids, removing foreign substances. Afferent lymphatics are blind-ended vessels that permeate the tissues and selectively convey lymphocytes and antigen-presenting accessory cells into the subcapsular and medullary sinuses of lymph nodes.  Meanwhile , Efferent vessels carry the clean fluid away and back to the bloodstream where it helps form plasma. Efferent lymphatics (usually only one or two for each node) carry lymphocytes and lymph plasma out of lymph nodes ultimately into the major efferent ducts and then back to the blo

  Toll-like receptors (TLRs)   Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate the innate immune response by sensing conserved molecular patterns for early immune recognition of a pathogen .TLRs are type I transmembrane proteins that contain three structural domains: a leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) motif, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The LRRs motif is responsible for pathogen recognition, whereas the TIR domain interacts with signal transduction adaptors and initiates signaling. Toll-like receptors were first found in Drosophila melanogaster   . 10 TLRs have been identified in human (TLR1–TLR10) and 13 in mouse (TLR1–TLR13).   Many of the molecules involved in innate immunity have the property of pattern recognition, the ability to recognize a given class of molecules. There are certain types of molecules that are unique to microbes and never found in multicellular organisms, the abili